For years, laypeople noticed that a lot of weight lifters were short little fellers. The assumption was that the weights were somehow restricting their tiny, chicken-leg sized bones from inching skyward.

Later on, doctors also noticed the shortness of many weight lifters but came up with a slightly more scientific and equally wrong conclusion. They thought that lifting was causing damage to the epiphyses, or growth plates, between the bones.

And, in truth, injuries to this area of the bone can lead to premature epiphyseal closure where the damaged joint stops growing, and the uninjured joints keep growing, possibly leading to the type of deformities exhibited by the monsters in any Tim Burton movie.

But all of this is largely bunk. Believing that weight lifters are short because they lift weights is like believing basketball players are tall because they dunk. If they happen to be short, it's because shorter people often have advantageous limb lengths that make weight lifting easier and more satisfying to them, the same way tall people find basketball easier and more satisfying because they have a shorter distance between their fingertips and the hoop.

There's also the psychological component. Many short men seek additional muscle to shore up any low self-esteem they might have from their lack of height. So any shortness is more the cause than the effect.

As far as possible damage to the epiphyses, this is extremely rare and would probably never happen unless an extremely ambitious and enthusiastic child was left unsupervised and started pretending his chubby kid sister was an Atlas stone and tried to hoist her on top of the bird feeder.

In other words, doing stupid stuff might lead to growth plate damage, but not so much regular, sensible, weight training.

This isn't just my opinion. A recent survey of 500 sports medicine experts asked a simple question: Do you agree with the statement, "Resistance training should be avoided until physeal closure"? The overwhelming majority answered that "this statement is very likely false."

There are, of course, a handful of cases where kids got injured from weights, either from misuse of the equipment or from competing in no doubt overzealous youth weightlifting and powerlifting programs. This influenced the American Academy of Pediatrics, in 1990, to recommend that kids not participate in strength training prior to reaching physical maturity (until they were at least 16 or so).

This undoubtedly contributed to parents' belief that weight lifting was a bad idea for their kids. When you look at the stats, though, you find that weight lifting is safer for kids than a whole lot of popular kids' sports like soccer (cuts, bruises, getting bonked on the head), football (bruises, broken bones, getting bonked on the head), and basketball (sprains, ACL tears, and getting bonked on the head).

One study found the injury rate per 100 participant hours among resistance training kids to be about 0.035. Compare that to 0.800 among adolescent rugby players. Moreover, the majority of injuries sometimes seen in adolescents are trunk injuries, and this is thought to result from an over-emphasis on training the "mirror muscles" (just like their old man?) instead of the core or trunk.

None of this is to suggest that injuries like those involving the growth plates can't occur (in lifting or any sport), but as mentioned, they're rare, especially with proper supervision. Besides, growth plate injuries are quite common in kids, lifting or no lifting, and most resolve completely with medical treatment.

Various studies have found that weightlifting, or more accurately, resistance training, can have the following positive effects on children:

• Increased strength (but minimal hypertrophy, at least in pre-pubertal kids).
• A moderate reduction in body fat (but not as much as you'd see with a reduction in Skittles consumption).
• Increased self-esteem.
• A synergistic effect whereby the neural proliferation occurs more quickly and the central nervous system matures more rapidly.
• An increase in RFD, or rate of force development, which transfers to other sports.
• An increase in BSI, or bone strength index, and bone mineral content, which can help prevent injuries from other sports.
• An increase in tendon strength, which can also help prevent injuries from other sports.

And, God willing, a reduction in dickish behavior in general.

The American Academy of Pediatrics has eased up on its recommendations regarding weight training and children. They now say that since "balance and postural control skills mature to adult levels by about 7 or 8 years of age, it seems logical that strength programs need not start before achievement of those skills."

Of course, strength programs can encompass a wide variety of activities outside of actual weight lifting. Bodyweight training, stretch band training, and sandbag training could theoretically all be done well before the age of 7 or 8.

The World Health Organization Academy of Pediatrics, along with the Australian government, however, are a little more liberal than their American counterparts about kids and weight training. They recommend that children between 5 and 18 years of age engage in muscle- and bone-building activities at least 3 times a week.

The general philosophy regarding childhood workouts isn't much different from the philosophy regarding adult workouts. Basic principles and guidelines include:

• Exercise all muscle groups.
• Design programs that aren't overly taxing.
• If starting with non-barbell resistance training (bodyweight exercises, bands, etc.), build a solid base of strength so that the transition into barbell training is smooth and safe.
• Start with more complex movements early in the workout, when the nervous system is better able to handle them.
• Use some form of progression.

As mentioned, very young children (under 7 or so, depending on their physical and mental maturity) could start with bodyweight exercises, things like push-ups, squats, lunges, pull-ups or just hanging off the bar, planks, bear crawls, and mountain climbers.

At a certain point, resistance bands could be added to many of those exercises, along with some sandbag or medicine ball work and sled dragging.

As the child masters those movements, he or she could transition to machines and cables, ultimately progressing to free-weight movements such as goblet squats, dumbbell Sumo deadlifts (holding onto the top of a dumbbell, legs spread apart), bench press, and maybe some curls for the little girls (or boys, as the case might be).

The only thing I might discourage during these early years is any direct overhead work. Shoulder work, at least for the first few years, should probably consist of rotator cuff work to bulletproof those suckers against inevitable future insults.

Beyond those recommendations, there are no specific, generally agreed-upon programs for children. His or her progress will largely depend on maturity, perceived motivational level, and the wisdom of the parent or trainer assigned to the job.

1. Milone MT et al. There is No Need to Avoid Resistance Training (Weight Lifting) until Physeal Closure. Phys Sportsmed. 2013 Nov;41(4):101-5. PubMed.
2. Smith J. Health Check: Should Children and Adolescents Lift Weights? The Conversation. February 28, 2016.
3. Myers AM et al. Resistance training for children and adolescents. Transl Pediatr. 2017 Jul;6(3):137–143. PMC.